Uzbekistan Law Review is a scientific-analytical journal dedicated to exploring and evaluating the diverse aspects of law and legislative developments in Uzbekistan. This publication serves as a platform for in-depth legal research, commentary, and analysis by esteemed scholars and practitioners. The journal emphasizes the critical examination of legislative reforms, administrative law, civil and criminal law, and international legal relations. It aims to contribute to the advancement of legal scholarship and practice by presenting comprehensive studies that support the development of democratic principles, governance, and the rule of law.
REFLECTIONS ON LEGAL VOCABULARY IN ABDULLA QAHHOR’S SHORT STORY “THE THIEF” AND A BRIEF CONCORDANCE DICTIONARY
This article discusses the language of Abdulla Qahhor’s works, the author’s skillful use of words, and therefore the fact that his works are written in a very folk way. As proof of these ideas, a low-frequency dictionary was compiled and analyzed based on his story “The Thief.” Proverbs and sayings, phraseological expressions, periphrases, as well as legal terms used in the story are touched upon. In particular, opinions were expressed about the terms used for legal concepts of that period and their current use. At the end of the article, the frequency of key words in the story is studied a little, and attention is paid to a partial analysis in this regard.
words and phrases, folk living language, narrative, emotionality, concordance, frequency dictionary, analytical function, active words
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LANGUAGE OF LAW: THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL LANGUAGE CHANGES ON LEGISLATION
The article analyzes the transformation of the legal discourse of Uzbekistan in the context of modern linguistic processes from a jurislinguistic point of view. The author studied the impact of the natural development of the language, digitization, internationalization, the introduction of new terms, and the processes of dearchaization on the text of normative and legal documents. The issues of the balance between the conservative nature of the legal language and modern communicative needs are also highlighted. Legal collisions that can cause terminological ambiguities in judicial and legal practice are analyzed on the basis of examples. The article substantiates the need to introduce mandatory linguistic expertise and terminological monitoring mechanisms in legislative activities and puts forward scientific proposals to ensure the accuracy and stability of the legal language.
legal discourse, legal linguistics, language of law, linguistic evolution, legal technique, terminology system
NARRATIVE APPROACH IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF LAWYERS: THE POTENTIAL OF LITERARY TEXT
In the context of increasing requirements for the quality of legal personnel training, the search for effective means of forming the legal thinking of future lawyers is becoming particularly relevant. One such means is fiction, which exerts a significant influence on the development of the individual, their worldview, and their intellectual abilities. The article explores the role of Russian classical literature in shaping the legal thinking of law students. The methodological basis of the study is made up of competency-based, narrative, hermeneutic, and comparative approaches; methods of analysis, synthesis, content analysis, interpretation of literary texts, and scientific generalization were used. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of pedagogical approaches and educational methods aimed at developing students’ analytical and critical skills through reference to literary texts. As a result of the study, it was established that works of Russian classical literature possess significant potential for developing the linguistic, analytical, and ethical competencies of future lawyers, contributing to the formation of skills in legal argumentation, interpretation of complex texts, and understanding the motives of human behavior. The effectiveness of using a narrative approach for modeling legal situations and developing students’ professional legal awareness has been substantiated. It was concluded that the integration of fiction into the professional training system of lawyers is advisable as an important tool for forming their professional culture and legal thinking.
fiction, legal thinking, non-philological university, law students, professional training, professional skills, competent speech, worldview
POLYSEMY AND ANTONYMY IN UZBEK LEGAL TERMINOLOGY
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the formation, development and practical application of the phenomena of polysemy and antonymy in Uzbek legal terminology. The polysemy of legal terms, their semantic composition, content relationships and forms of manifestation in legal texts are covered from a linguistic and functional point of view. In particular, the issues of expansion of meaning and terminological polysemy arising from the simultaneous use of certain legal terms in different areas of law are analyzed on the basis of examples. At the same time, the role of terms with opposite meanings – antonyms – in the precise expression of legal relations is shown, their importance in differentiating legal categories and concepts. The article scientifically substantiates the interrelationship of the phenomena of synonymy, antonymy and polysemy in the system of legal terms, their role in ensuring the clarity and stylistic effectiveness of legal speech. It is also emphasized that it is necessary to study in depth the semantic properties of terms in order to standardize legal terminology, consistently use the same terms in legal documents, and increase the efficiency of legal communication. It is noted that the results of the study are of great importance in studying theoretical and practical issues of Uzbek legal terminology, as well as in improving the culture of legal language.
linguistics, lexicon, legal terminology, polysemy, antonymy, synonymy, legal text, terminological system, multiple meanings
THE RIGHT TO WATER IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM: THEORETICAL-LEGAL AND PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
This scientific article analyzes the human right to water as an independent and comprehensive legal category within the human rights system. The main objective of the article is to analyze the human right to water from a theoretical, legal, and practical perspective as an independent and comprehensive legal institution within the human rights system. Additionally, the article examines the views of foreign and domestic scientists on how water is considered a vital factor in ensuring human life, health, personal dignity, a decent standard of living, and sanitary and hygienic conditions. The study examines the theoretical and legal content of the right to water, its role in the human rights system, the state’s obligations to provide the population with safe and high-quality drinking water, and existing practical problems in the implementation of this right. It also highlights the importance of the principles of equality, non-discrimination, social justice, openness, and accountability in ensuring the right to water.
human rights, right to water, safe drinking water, adequate standard of living, right to health, sanitation, non-discrimination, state obligations
COMBATING MONEY LAUNDERING THROUGH DECENTRALIZED CRYPTOCURRENCY EXCHANGES (DEX): INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL LEGAL MECHANISMS
This article analyzes the international legal aspects of combating money laundering through decentralized crypto-exchanges (DEXs). The subject of the study is the structural features of DEX platforms – non-custodical architecture, automated market making (AMM) mechanism, lack of user identification and transnationality – and their role in illicit financial flows. Based on comparative legal and systemic analysis methods, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) “Travel Rule,” the regulation of the European Union Regulation on the Regulation of Crypto-Asset Markets, and the experience of leading countries are studied in a comparative manner. The monitoring capabilities of blockchain analytics tools and machine learning algorithms are assessed. The results of the study show that traditional anti-money laundering (AML) mechanisms are not sufficiently effective in the DEX environment and it is necessary to develop new legal mechanisms. Recommendations were put forward for Uzbekistan to harmonize national legislation with international standards, strengthen oversight of DEX gateways, develop international cooperation, and introduce a regulatory sandbox mechanism.
decentralized exchange (DEX), money laundering, FATF, crypto-assets, AML/CTF, international law, blockchain, DeFi, smart contract
PROBLEMS IN PROOFING THE FURT CRIMINALS IN THE DIGITAL SECTOR, INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION, AND COLLECTION OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCES
The article analyzes current problems arising in the process of proving digital theft crimes committed through information and communication technologies, identifying the perpetrator, and collecting electronic evidence. It is substantiated that the specific aspects of digital crimes – remoteness, anonymity, and cross-border nature – pose significant challenges in investigative and judicial practice. The study revealed that the concepts of cybercrime in national legislation are not sufficiently clear, the procedure for collecting and evaluating electronic evidence is not uniform, and a unified judicial practice has not been formed. The article substantiates the need to eliminate existing problems by improving international legal documents, national reforms, and the personnel training system. At the same time, the importance of providing a full legal assessment of all participants through the wide application of the institution of complicity in digital theft crimes is scientifically highlighted.
digital theft, electronic evidence, identification, transnational crime, anonymity, VPN, crypto-assets, drop card, evidentiary process
UZBEKISTAN CYBER SECURITY STRATEGY FOR 2026–2030: NEW PROCEDURAL INSTRUMENTS AND LEGAL OBLIGATIONS
This article analyzes the Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2026–2030, approved by Presidential Decree No. UP-38 dated March 10, 2026, with an emphasis on its criminal procedural and forensic implications. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that this document systematically enshrines new instruments for combating cybercrime, including the development of digital forensics, online reporting of cybercrime, and the formation of specialized investigative units. The methodological basis of the study consists of comparative legal, formal legal and systemic methods. It is established that the Strategy, expanding on the provisions of the 2022 Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Cybersecurity,” creates a new institutional architecture for countering cyber threats. At the same time, certain provisions of the document require alignment with current criminal procedural legislation and subsequent legislative implementation.
cybersecurity, cybercrime, digital forensics, criminal procedure, cybersecurity strategy, digital evidence, procedural instruments, critical information infrastructure
INVESTIGATIVE JUDGE: ISSUES OF IMPROVING JUDICIAL OVERSIGHT IN PRE-TRIAL PROCEEDINGS
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of judicial supervision at the pre-trial stage—one of the most relevant institutions of criminal procedural law. The main objective of the study is to analyze the legal status of the “investigative judge” institution, introduced into the judicial system of Uzbekistan starting from 2025, and its effectiveness in protecting human rights. The article highlights the connection between judicial supervision and international “Habeas Corpus” standards, its differences from prosecutorial supervision, and its role in the “deterrence and balance” system when applying procedural coercive measures. The author analyzes the mechanisms for the deposition of evidence and the authorization of investigative actions, and puts forward scientifically grounded proposals and recommendations to eliminate gaps in national legislation and further expand judicial control.
judicial oversight, pre-trial proceedings, justice, investigative judge, human rights guarantees, Habeas Corpus, measures of procedural coercion, adversarial principle
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MIGRATION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING
In the context of globalization, the acceleration of labor migration, on the one hand, expands economic opportunities, on the other hand, increases the risk of exploitation through illegal means. This article comprehensively analyzes the interrelationship between migration processes and human trafficking. The study considers unregulated forms of migration, illegal migration channels, and lack of information as the main criminogenic factors in the emergence of the crime of human trafficking. The article scientifically substantiates the intersecting aspects of the crime of human trafficking with migration, in particular, labor and sexual exploitation, forced labor, and mechanisms of dependence through debt bondage. It also analyzes how the gender, age, and social composition of migration flows affect the level of vulnerability of the population to human trafficking. The author has studied the norms of international law and existing approaches in national legislation using a comparative legal method and assessed their effectiveness. The results of the study show that human trafficking is closely related to socio-economic inequality, unemployment, low legal awareness, and insufficient regulation of migration processes. The author tried to identify the cause-and-effect relationships between these two phenomena, to reveal the mechanisms of influence of migration processes on human trafficking, and in the conclusion put forward scientifically based proposals and recommendations aimed at solving the existing problems.
human trafficking, migration, socially dangerous act, international legal norm, transnational crime, organized crime, human rights
CRIMINAL-LEGAL NATURE AND SOCIAL DANGER OF FRAUD IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
The article provides a scientific analysis of the criminal-legal essence of fraud in the digital environment, its distinguishing features from traditional fraud, social hazard criteria, and qualification issues in national legislation. Fraud committed using information technology is evaluated not only as a property crime committed through technical means but also as a complex criminal-legal event that undermines the victim’s trust in the digital environment, negatively affects financial stability, and poses a cross-border threat. The article reveals the legal nature of digital fraud and puts forward scientific and practical proposals aimed at improving law enforcement practice.
digital environment, fraud, cyber fraud, information technology, criminal law, public danger, qualification, digital evidence, cross-border crime
ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF PROSECUTORIAL OFFICES
This article analyzes the scientific and theoretical foundations of the introduction of digital technologies into the activities of prosecutor’s offices, discusses the issues of digitization, informatization of the system, and the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies. The importance of digital technologies in improving the prosecutor’s office system, ensuring the rights and interests of participants in criminal proceedings, and establishing rapid, reliable information exchange is highlighted. At the same time, special attention is paid to the positive aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in law enforcement activities, as well as the problems of protecting fundamental legal principles such as algorithmic transparency and the presumption of innocence. The article describes the advantages of digital tools in improving the professional potential of employees in the field, and provides a comparative analysis of the achievements and shortcomings of the experience of advanced foreign countries. At the end of the study, the priority goals set in the “Digital Prosecutor’s Office – 2030” strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the mechanisms for their implementation are highlighted.
digital control, artificial intelligence, digital technologies, digital transformation, informatization, technological control, digital infrastructure
PROHIBITION OF FORCED LABOUR: INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION
This article analyzes the international legal framework for the prohibition of forced labor, international standards adopted in this area, and their implementation in national legislation. In particular, the importance of Convention No. 29 of 1930 “On Forced Labor” Convention No. 105 of 1957 “On the Abolition of Forced Labor” adopted by the International Labor Organization, as well as international human rights instruments, is highlighted. Also, the reforms implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of combating forced labor, the liberalization of labor relations, ensuring the labor rights of citizens, and improving national mechanisms in accordance with international standards are analyzed from a legal perspective. The article provides a scientific, theoretical and practical justification of the causes of forced labor, its socio-economic consequences, and effective legal mechanisms for its elimination. At the same time, scientific proposals and recommendations for further improvement of national legislation are developed.
forced labor, labor law, international standards, human rights, international labor organization, labor exploitation, international law, implementation
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF AMENDING PUBLIC PROCUREMENT CONTRACTS
This article analyzes the introduction of amendments to public procurement contracts based on current legislation. Although civil law allows for unlimited changes to the contract at the discretion of the parties, the specific legal nature of the public procurement contract permits only certain modifications. The scientific work highlights the insufficient regulation of the institution of amending a public procurement contract in legislation, restrictions on concluding an additional agreement, and problems related to the application of the law. In particular, barriers to payment for additional work performed will be analyzed. A comparative analysis is also conducted based on the experience of Germany, Austria, and Kazakhstan, revealing the advantages of a “significant change” and a clear list of changes. At the end of the study, proposals were developed to improve contractual relations.
public procurement, contract, freedom of contract, modification, additional agreement, essential terms, contract price
METHODS AND MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY OBJECTS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
The article analyzes modern methods and mechanisms for protecting industrial property objects, their practical application, and transformation processes within the legal system. It also highlights the role of intellectual property protection in improving copyright, patent processes, expertise requirements, and competitiveness. International experience on the topic has been studied, and conclusions have been formulated regarding the future development trends of protection mechanisms. Furthermore, the work analyzes issues regarding the digitalization of industrial property objects, the implementation of electronic application systems, and the improvement of judicial practice in the field of intellectual property. The importance of effective protection of industrial property in increasing investment attractiveness in the context of an innovative economy is revealed, and the need to harmonize national legislation with international standards is substantiated.
industrial property, patent, intellectual property, protection mechanisms, copyright, development trends
ISSUES OF RETURN OF GOODS TO THE SELLER IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE CONTRACTS
This article examines the specific characteristics of buyer return in e-commerce, examining in which cases the product must be returned and which types of goods are not subject to return. Issues regarding the improvement of return mechanisms for goods in digital commerce are also analyzed. The return process has been comparatively analyzed based on the experience of foreign countries, in particular China, the Russian Federation, the European Union, as well as Islamic law. The importance, conditions, and deadlines of the principle of promptness in returning goods have been studied in combination with the traditional and electronic environment. At the end of the article, proposals and recommendations were developed aimed at filling legal gaps in our national legislation, clarifying return deadlines, and eliminating existing problems in practice.
e-commerce, return policy, e-commerce platform, public offer, non-refundable goods
THE LEGAL IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL ADVERTISING IN THE TRANSITION OF THE ECONOMY TO A TECHNOLOGICAL AND INNOVATIVE GROWTH MODEL
This article analyzes the legal disputes that have arisen in connection with the destruction of signs of retail outlets in Tashkent. The author reveals the systemic contradictions between the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Advertising,” Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 428 and No. 104, and the Resolution of the Tashkent City Council on the “Design Code.” In particular, the lack of a clear definition of the concept of “advertising-free zones” in the legislation, the assessment of signs as an object of advertising, the simultaneous collection of fees for the installation of outdoor advertising and exploitation fees, and the contradictions regarding the legal force of the passport of the advertising space are examined in detail. The article analyzes the primacy of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Law “On Regulatory and Legal Acts,” and justifies the need to bring existing regulatory and legal acts into line with the Law “On Advertising,” and to protect the rights and legitimate interests of entrepreneurs.
signboard, outdoor advertising, design code, regulatory and legal conflict, advertising point passport, entrepreneurial rights, rule of law
FRAND OBLIGATIONS IN SEP LICENSING: GLOBAL JUDICIAL PRACTICE AND THE LEGAL GAP IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
The article analyzes the legal nature and practical effectiveness of FRAND (fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory) obligations in the field of standard-essential patents (SEPs). The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the FRAND mechanism based on an analysis of the case law of leading jurisdictions, as well as to assess the prospects for its normative strengthening in the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The object of the study is the case law formed in leading jurisdictions (European Union, United Kingdom, China, India, USA), in particular, Huawei v. ZTE, Unwired Planet v. Huawei, Nokia v. OPPO and other major cases. Comparative legal and dogmatic methods were used in the research process. The results show that although the FRAND regime was formed as a “two-way street,” there are significant differences between jurisdictions. In conclusion, it can be said that the lack of special norms regulating the concepts of SEP and FRAND in Uzbek legislation creates a serious legal gap in the context of the digital economy and the implementation of 5G infrastructure.
standard essential patents (SEP), FRAND obligation, SEP licensing, antitrust law, global license fee, court jurisdiction, intellectual property, patent law of Uzbekistan
INCREASING THE ROLE OF LOCAL INVESTORS IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY: LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS
Active involvement of the population in investment relations is important for each country not only economically, but also politically. This article systematically analyzes the legal means and methods of actively involving local investors in economic relations as subjects of investment activity. Within the framework of the study, the relevant national legislative documents of the Republic of Uzbekistan were studied, the differences between direct and portfolio investments, the prospects for the development of the stock market, and existing problems in the activities of joint-stock companies were revealed. The author comprehensively considered the issues of protecting the rights of minority shareholders, improving corporate governance, as well as using the opportunities of Islamic finance in diversifying the investment environment. Based on comparative analyses conducted on the experience of the USA, Belarus, and Kazakhstan, specific legal mechanisms and practical proposals and recommendations for the active integration of local investors into investment processes were put forward.
national investor, institutional investor, qualified investor, minority shareholders, corporate governance, Islamic finance, public-private partnership, collective investment
THE LEGAL STATUS OF MICROFINANCE ORGANIZATIONS AS SUBJECTS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY
The article examines the legal status of microfinance organizations as participants in entrepreneurial activity in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The relevance of the study is determined by the rapid expansion of the microfinance sector, the digitalization of financial services, and the need to clearly distinguish the private-law and public-law elements of such organizations’ status. The purpose of the research is to identify their legal nature, market entry requirements, corporate structure, supervisory regime, and interaction with consumers. The study relies on doctrinal legal analysis, comparative legal method, and institutional approach. It is concluded that the current model combines entrepreneurial autonomy with special legal capacity and enhanced regulatory discipline. The findings may be applied in lawmaking, legal practice, and further research on financial market regulation.
entrepreneurial activity, financial market, legal status, non-bank credit institutions, microfinance organizations, microfinance banks, special legal capacity, state supervision
SOCIAL INVESTMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT OBLIGATIONS: LEGAL MECHANISMS IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the concept of “social investments,” which is considered a priority of modern social policy, its theoretical and legal foundations, and its practical significance. Drawing on the views of leading global scholars, the author highlights the transition of the social sphere from the traditional model of charity and benefits to a result-oriented partnership model. The article examines the specific features of social impact bonds (SIB) and the Pay-for-Success principle as financial mechanisms for social entrepreneurship, as well as the standards of international organizations. Also, the existing legal mechanisms in the legislation of Uzbekistan, in particular, reforms in the field of public-private partnership and social protection (on the example of preschool education and poverty reduction) are analyzed.
social investment, social entrepreneurship, social impact bonds, public-private partnership, social contract, poverty reduction, sustainable development
AUTHENTICITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN: ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL-LEGAL AND PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS
This study provides a systematic analysis of the legal nature of the institution of an administrative act in the administrative law of modern Uzbekistan. Different approaches to the unified definition of an administrative act in national legislation and regulatory gaps in electronic documentation mode determine the relevance of the topic. Based on methods of comparative-legal and systematic analysis, it has been scientifically substantiated that the unilateral final nature of the administrative document, its orientation to a specific addressee, and its causing legal consequences in both oral and signaling forms. It was confirmed that the validity of an administrative act depends on the principles of jurisdiction, justification, and hearing. The results will serve as a theoretical source for law enforcement practice and administrative litigation. In the conclusion of the article, scientific and practical recommendations are put forward to address the legislative gaps in the administrative document.
administrative law, administrative body, administrative act, administrative procedures, authenticity, substantive legal requirements, procedural requirements, protection of trust
ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION ON THE PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE APPEALS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
The effective functioning of the institution of administrative complaints in the regulation of relations between public administration and citizens is an important component of the process of building a state governed by the rule of law. This article analyzes the regulatory and legal foundations of the institution of administrative complaints within the administrative-legal system of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main objective of the study is to identify the differences and similarities between the three main documents regulating the procedure for administrative complaint proceedings within the framework of current legislation through a comparative legal analysis. The results obtained can be used as a theoretical source in improving legislation, unifying the practice of administrative proceedings, and in legal education. The conclusion of the article puts forward scientific and practical recommendations aimed at eliminating gaps in current legislation.
administrative appeal, appellate council, licensing, pre-trial review, legal experiment, administrative procedures
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRESIDENT AND THE GOVERNMENT: EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND THE UZBEK MODEL
This article provides a systematic and comparative legal analysis of the constitutional texts of 129 countries from the perspective of the distribution of powers between the President and the Government. The geographical scope of the study covers the continents of Europe, Asia, North and South America, Africa, and Oceania, and only states with a republican form of government with a written (codified) constitution were included in the selection. As a methodological basis, methods of direct descriptive analysis of constitutional texts, percentage distribution and determination of correlations between the established criteria were used. Global experience is compared with the norms of the new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the specifics of the national model of public administration are revealed. At the end of the study, the constitutional and legal criteria allowing for the systematic classification of the form of government were clarified, and relevant conclusions were formulated.
President–Government Balance, form of government, executive power, the institution of the Prime Minister, distribution of powers, formation of the government, resignation of the government, vote of no confidence
ГАРАНТИИ И ЗАЩИТА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ В ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ
в данной статье исследованы вопросы обеспечения прав и гарантий безопасности иностранных инвесторов, реализации инвестиционных договоров в соответствии с переходом на цифровую экономику большинства стран. По итогам исследования обоснована необходимость унификации и совершенствования инвестиционного законодательства Республики Узбекистан в части правового регулирования цифровых активов и защиты иностранных инвестиций.
12.00.03 – Fuqarolik huquqi. Tadbirkorlik huquqi. Oila huquqi. Xalqaro xususiy huquq.
THE DIGITAL SPACE AS A CHALLENGES TO THE REALIZATION OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL AND NATIONAL ANALYSIS
The article examines digital inequality as a socio-economic and legal obstacle to the realization of women’s rights in the context of digital transformation. It emphasizes that it is not limited to access to information and communication technologies, but rather strengthens existing gender, educational, and territorial differences. Special attention is paid to international standards for the protection of women’s rights, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the UN Declaration on the Right to Development, and the Sustainable Development Goals. Based on the multi-level model of digital inequality, as well as data from international organizations and national materials of the Republic of Uzbekistan, it has been shown that expanding access to the Internet does not provide equal opportunities for women to participate in the digital economy and social life. It was concluded that states need to fulfill positive international legal obligations to ensure real digital equality as a condition for the realization of women’s rights.
sustainable development, digital transformation, digital divide, human rights, women’s rights, gender inequality, right to development, digital inclusion, positive state commitments
POSSIBILITIES FOR HARMONIZING UZBEKISTAN’S LEGISLATION WITH INTERNATIONAL EXTRADITION STANDARDS
The article examines the possibilities of harmonizing Uzbekistan’s legislation with international standards in the field of extradition. Key regulatory documents governing extradition procedures in the country are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the requirements of international treaties and the recommendations of universal and regional organizations. Existing discrepancies between national norms and international practice are identified. Mechanisms for improving legal regulation in this area are being considered. The article proposes ways to modernize procedural procedures to increase their effectiveness and transparency. The need to strengthen international cooperation in the criminal-legal sphere is noted. The role of institutional reforms in the formation of modern extradition legislation is emphasized. It is concluded that the harmonization of norms will contribute to the development of the legal system of Uzbekistan and strengthen the trust of international partners.
legal regulation, legislation, international standards, reforms, harmonization, cooperation, human rights, extradition
DIGITALIZATION AND USE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FORENSIC SECTOR
The article presents a scientific analysis of reforms aimed at modernizing forensic activities in the Republic of Uzbekistan, their legal basis, the processes of digitalization of forensic activities, and the main problems in practice. In foreign countries, the digitalization of forensic activities is considered a priority area for the development of legal systems and an important factor in increasing the effectiveness of justice. This implies a transition from traditional paper circulation to electronic information systems and will lead to significant changes. The author scientifically substantiates that the development of the forensic expert system in harmony with global trends and the digitalization of activities is an important factor in increasing the effectiveness of justice. At the end of the study, he put forward his proposals for further improvement of this area.
digitalization, artificial intelligence, digital evidence, electronic databases, “E-expertise” electronic platform, digital forensics, electronic expertise, institutional reforms
LEGAL ASPECTS OF USE AND PROTECTION OF RESORT LANDS
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of the legal protection of lands of resort areas. The author highlights the place of resort lands in the system of specially protected natural areas and their importance in the conservation of natural healing resources. Based on the current constitutional and environmental legislation, the legal regime of resort lands, the need to restrict their use, and issues of ensuring environmental sustainability were considered. Also, the zoning of territories, permitted and prohibited types of activities, as well as mechanisms for preventing land degradation and pollution, were analyzed. The gaps in legislation were indicated, and proposals were made to strengthen control and introduce special environmental and urban planning requirements.
resort lands, legal protection, specially protected natural areas, land law, environmental requirements, natural healing resources, legal regime of lands
LEGAL BASIS FOR REMUNERATION OF PEDAGOGICAL STAFF OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
This article analyzes the legal issues of remuneration of pedagogical staff of higher educational institutions. The purpose of the research is to identify shortcomings and gaps in the system of remuneration of pedagogical staff in the Republic of Uzbekistan and to develop directions for its improvement based on foreign experience. Within the framework of the research, the methods of normative-legal analysis and comparative-legal and systemic approaches were used. Among the main legal problems are the lack of clear legislative consolidation of the methodology for determining the base rate, the heterogeneity and lack of transparency of incentive criteria, the absence of unified standards for regulating workload, and the weak standardization of financial guarantees. The article also compares the national legislation of Poland, Belarus, and Russia on the remuneration of pedagogical staff in higher educational institutions. Also, proposals have been developed for setting the base rate in coefficients for professors and teachers, standardizing incentive criteria, introducing a system for comprehensive assessment of workload, and strengthening transparency mechanisms..
higher education, academic staff, teaching staff, remuneration, official salary, base rate, incentives, compensation payments, labor standards